Abstract Adaptation of photoperiod-sensitive japonica rice varieties from long-day (LD) to short-day (SD) conditions is impeded by their extremely early flowering in response to photoperiod change, but the genetic factor underlying this is still elusive. We detected mutations in Hd1 in Zhenjing2400 through gene mapping and sequencing analysis. Genome resequencing of the varieties Zhenjing2400 and Jiahe218 identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the other flowering-related genes Ehd1, SDG725, OsCOL15, DTH2, and DTH7. We constructed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Zhenjing2400 and Jiahe218, and selected homozygous lines with these six genes. We established that photoperiod insensitivity is caused by a defective Hd1 gene. In addition, the effect of Hd1 and Ehd1 on heading date was stronger than that of the other four genes. Measurements of agronomic traits and quality traits in homozygous lines demonstrated the superiority of the hd1 ehd1 genotype for eating quality and photoperiod-insensitive high yield. photoperiodsensitive sensitive longday long day LD (LD shortday short SD (SD change elusive Hd Zhenjing Zhenjing240 analysis Jiahe Jiahe21 SNPs (SNPs floweringrelated related Ehd SDG725 SDG OsCOL15 OsCOL DTH2 DTH DTH7 RILs (RILs addition hd ehd photoperiodinsensitive insensitive yield Zhenjing24 Jiahe2 SDG72 OsCOL1 Zhenjing2 SDG7

Abstract Measuring red blood cell survival (RBCS) by a carbon monoxide breath test can help diagnose and analyze disease type and progression of anemia. In this study, we reported the application of RBCS in the differential diagnosis of thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). A total of 233 patients were selected in this study, including 48 IDA, 60 thalassemia, and 125 healthy individual controls. The endogenous alveolar CO of each subject was measured by RBCS-01 red blood cell lifespanmeter to obtain the RBCS values. The mean RBCS for mild β-thalassemia, severe β-thalassemia, α-thalassemia, IDA and the control were 67.5±22.0, 31.3±13.9, 69.3±27.7, 78.2±28.2 and 114.3±33.8 days, respectively (P<0.05). RBCS values for thalassemia and IDA patients showed obvious shorter lifespan compared to healthy controls. The cutoff points for thalassemia, IDA and control were <72.5 and <83.5, respectively. RBCS showed a strong positive correlation to red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin (HGB) in thalassemia patients. In IDA patients, RBCS demonstrated a moderate positive correlation with HGB, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cell distribution width (RDW). There were significant differences between RBCS in different types of thalassemia. RBCS by endogenous alveolar CO testing is a rapid and reliable method for the differential diagnosis of thalassemia and IDA.